Grammar: złożone struktury zdaniowe C1 — it, there, integracja
Struktury z it i there na C1 to nie podstawy z klasy 1 — to precyzyjne narzędzia do wyrażania impersonalności, nacisku i złożonych relacji logicznych. Integracja wszystkich struktur roku.
Przykład
It-structures — zaawansowane użycie
1. Preparatory it (z that-clause lub infinitive):
"It is widely acknowledged that gene editing raises profound ethical questions." "It remains to be seen whether germline editing will be permitted." "It is not for scientists alone to decide these matters." "It took decades for consensus to emerge on stem cell research."
2. It-cleft dla emfazy (przypomnienie):
"It is the heritable nature of germline editing that distinguishes it from somatic therapy." "It was the absence of long-term data that prompted the moratorium."
3. It + seem/appear/turn out:
"It seems that CRISPR may be more precise than initially thought." "It turned out that the off-target effects were significant." "It appears likely that life extension will become commercially available."
4. It + reporting structures:
"It has been argued that the precautionary principle is being applied inconsistently." "It is sometimes claimed that ageing is itself a disease." "It cannot be denied that access to technology will be unequal."
Uwaga
There-structures — precyzja C1
Preparatory there (istnienie/obecność):
"There remains considerable debate about the ethics of enhancement." "There exists no consensus on what constitutes acceptable germline modification." "There has emerged a new field — longevity medicine — that sits at the intersection of gerontology and biotechnology."
Na C1 there łączy się z różnymi czasownikami — nie tylko be: there remains / there exists / there emerges / there follows / there lies / there arises
There + subject (liczba!)
"There is a clear ethical distinction to be drawn." (is — l. poj.) "There are several ethical frameworks applicable here." (are — l. mn.) "There remain significant unanswered questions." (remain — l. mn.)
📐 There is vs There exists: There is no evidence = neutralnie (domyślne). There exists no evidence = bardzo formalnie / akademicko (emfaza). Nie sięgaj po „there exists" tam, gdzie „there is" brzmi naturalniej.
Agreement po there + czasownik: liczba zgadza się z RZECZOWNIKIEM, nie z „there": There remains a question (l. poj.) · There remain questions / There have emerged new fields (l. mn.).
Słownictwo
Integracja struktur C1 — zestawienie roku
Hierarchia emfazy: Efekt Narzędzie Przykład ------- ----------- ---------- Silna emfaza Inwersja Never have the stakes been higher. Podkreślenie elementu It-cleft It is equity that matters most.
Przykład
Wszystkie struktury w tekście o bioetyce:
" It is, perhaps, the question of consent that lies at the heart of the germline editing debate. There exists no mechanism by which future generations can indicate their preferences — yet it is precisely their genetic constitution that …
Transformation ladder — B1 → C1:
- B1: People disagree about gene editing. - B2: There is still disagreement about gene editing.
Mini-output: struktury C1
Task A — upgrade. People disagree about gene editing.
Kluczowe pojęcia
Preparatory it (complex)
'It' as subject of a clause with a that-clause, infinitive or whether-clause — impersonal and formal
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