Na C1 spójność tekstu (cohesion) to nie tylko however i therefore. Precyzyjne spójniki dyskursywne, referencja i substytucja tworzą tekst który płynie naturalnie i czyta się jak angielski akademicki.

Wprowadzenie
Kohezja (cohesion) to gramatyczna i leksykalna spójność tekstu — jak zdania i akapity łączą się ze sobą. Różni się od koherencji (coherence), która dotyczy logicznego sensu.
Słownictwo
| Spójnik | Kiedy | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| notwithstanding | mimo że (formalne) | Notwithstanding the evidence, some persist in denial. |
| for all that | mimo wszystkiego | For all that, the programme delivered results. |
| be that as it may | niech tak będzie, ale... | Be that as it may, the question remains. |
| even so | mimo to | The costs are high. Even so, the investment is justified. |
| all the same | mimo to (kolokwialne) | It's a risk. All the same, it's worth taking. |
| that said | to powiedziawszy | That said, some progress has been made. |
| granted | przyznając | Granted, the approach is imperfect — but so are all others. |
| Spójnik | Kiedy | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| furthermore | silne dodawanie | Furthermore, the evidence is mounting. |
| moreover | ważne dodanie | Moreover, the costs are entirely avoidable. |
| what is more | kolokwialne moreover | What is more, the data predates 2010. |
| in addition to which | formalne + | In addition to which, the model has been replicated. |
| over and above this | ponad to | Over and above this, volunteers report wellbeing benefits. |
| Spójnik | Kiedy | Przykład |
|---|---|---|
| as a result of which | skutek formalny | The funding was cut, as a result of which services collapsed. |
| consequently | logiczny skutek | Consequently, the organisation was forced to downsize. |
| hence | formalne therefore | The evidence is weak; hence the conclusion is uncertain. |
| it follows that | logiczny wniosek | It follows that more resources are required. |
| by extension | rozszerzenie wniosku | By extension, this applies to all comparable cases. |
| therein lies | w tym tkwi | Therein lies the problem: accountability without transparency. |
- Kontrast → however, nevertheless, even so, by contrast - Ustępstwo (przyznaję, ale dalej...
- neutral: but · so · also · in the end - formal: however · therefore · moreover · in conclusion - academic: notwithstanding · consequently · by extension · therein lies 💡 Exam tip (overuse warning): 2–3 mocne spójniki na rozprawkę WYST…
Anaforyczna (do tyłu) i kataforyczna (do przodu): "Philanthropy fills critical gaps. This is its greatest strength.
Wzorzec TEEL (Topic → Explain → Evidence → Link back): ---
"The case for private philanthropy rests, in part, on the failure of state provision. Notwithstanding this, the conclusion that philanthropy is a net positive requires considerable qualification.
- Simple: The policy is expensive. It may still be necessary.
1. Dodajesz informację?
Task A — choose the connector. Uzupełnij 4 luki: however / consequently / furthermore / notwithstanding this — dobierz wg funkcji.
notwithstanding
In spite of; despite — formal concession connector
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